However, ethical guidelines are not entirely subjective and the NMC regulates the Code of Ethics, which applies all disciplinary procedures for practitioners. The NMC states that patients can expect professionals to keep all information confidential in order to build trust, and that no information can be shared without consent except in exceptional circumstances.x Nurses and employers are also instructed by doctors and employers to exercise their own judgment. follow instructions and adhere to team ethics and the Nurses` Code of Conduct.xi This can lead to conflict. Therefore, if they can be asked to act contrary to their personal beliefs, the person must apply a balance of opinion to ensure that they continue to act in the best interests of the patient while respecting their ethical obligations. In addition, caregivers are expected to work with other health practitioners and nurses or organizations, service users, caregivers and communities, as well as extended families, to ensure that decisions made about patient care align with shared values.xii The most common response to a perceived violation of ethical standards in health care is negligence and malpractice. is the act, omission or commitment of the nurse or physician.xx It requires four elements: a duty, a legal duty to the patient – nurses must provide the level of care reasonably exercised by other nurses in this area of practice. Second, a breach of this obligation by failing to meet the required standard. Third, causation, which is a factual link between the nurse`s action and the harm suffered by the patient. Finally, damages, which are a monetary payment intended to compensate the patient for the damage.
xxi The patient must have sustained physical, economic or emotional injuries. The dereliction of duty test refers to the reasonable judgments of “responsible medical reports” when persons with special abilities or skills are judged to a higher standard for that profession and not to the standard for ordinary persons.xxii The standard of care is also higher for professionals and, although the primary duty rests with the physician, Nurses may also be held accountable, if they act as directed by their employer.xxiii The nurse, even if supervised, must exercise her own abilities and abilities as a nurse of the same level and experience is expected to do.xxiv Nursing ethics revolve around the concept that nursing is collaborative, so patients have an inherent right to physical autonomy. to the extent possible. And this includes a human rights component and the need to allow informed consent or denial of that consent. The law of informed consent underpins the ethical notion of autonomy and defines the minimum standard of behaviour accepted by the community. xxxii Compliance with legislation is mandatory, while respect for ethical notions of autonomy must be applied at the personal level in nursing practice. In the United Kingdom, for example, the development of the Mental Capacity Bill underscores the public`s belief that patients have the right to make their own treatment decisions. On the other hand, the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act of 1990 is strictly enforced by the courts, for example in the interpretation of the word “embryo”, which limits autonomy on a legal basis. There are also conflicts within ethics and autonomy, for example, the issue of parental choice in the “sibling rescue” debate may not be compatible with the overall societal benefit, including the ethical duty to act kindly towards all children, including future children.xxxiii These are particularly sensitive issues that require subjective personal judgment on the part of the nurses involved. In general, caregivers must comply with patients` wishes, even if they do not personally agree, and ensure that all clients are treated fairly and equitably in the interests of justice, e.g. in terms of the allocation of hospital resources and time spent per patient.xxxiv The General Medical Council (GMC) is a statutory body responsible for protecting the public by maintaining a register of physicians qualified to practise.
professional. and at the same time monitor complaints about practitioners. There are fourteen key concepts that describe the ethical standards and responsibilities expected of a physician. The GMC has also issued guidance on specific areas such as consent, confidentiality and retention or revocation treatment.vi These guidelines are not mandatory but are recognized by law and, in W v. Egdell, the court referred to the GMC`s guidelines on confidentiality.vii The British Medical Association (BMA) is the national association of practicing physicians. with its own Medical Ethics Unit, which deals with individual ethical issues of doctors and nurses and provides guidelines on ethical issues. GMC and BMA jointly provide guidance to nurses and other practitioners to support ethical decisions, but it should be noted that these decisions are highly personalized, patient and situational dependent, and are often subjective and therefore cannot be fully addressed by these guidelines. Legal and ethical issues are prevalent in health care, especially in nursing practice where caregivers have one-on-one contact with patients on a daily basis.